海南自贸港“全岛封关”,五大走私风险要知道!

彭勇律师｜作者

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7月23日，国家发改委宣布，海南自贸港全岛封关将于将于2025年12月18日正式启动。



▲网络

海关总署随后发布2025年第158号公告《中华人民共和国海关对海南自由贸易港加工增值免关税货物税收征管暂行办法》、2025年第159号公告《中华人民共和国海关对海南自由贸易港监管办法》，一时间海南封关成为社会各界关注的焦点。

海南封关运作后，全岛将实施“一线放开、二线管住，岛内自由”的特殊监管模式。该监管模式也是一把“双刃剑”，一方面，零关税范围扩大和加工增值内销免税等新政策，降低了传统逃税走私动机；另一方面，特殊监管模式也催生了新型走私风险。



▲网络

本文将通过对海南自贸港封关核心政策深度解读，对封关模式下可能衍生的走私风险进行识别，同时对上述风险防控及规范进出口模式提出建议，以供个人和企业合规参考。💁‍♂️



✅零关稅扩容

①商品范围

零关税商品清单共约1900个税目，全岛封关运作后，零关税商品范围将扩大至约6600个税目，占全部商品税目的比例达到74%，比封关前提高了近53个百分点，覆盖电子设备、原材料等，负面清单管理替代原正面清单。

②享惠主体扩大

从在海南自由贸易港登记注册的独立法人企业、事业单位拓展至全岛有进口需求的事业单位、民办非企业单位等。

③加工增值政策

岛内企业加工增值≥30%的货物，免关稅销往内地。进口“零关税”商品及其加工制成品不再局限于企业自用，可以在享惠主体间自由流通，免于补缴进口税收。

✅贸易管理松绑

①放宽进口限制

对全国禁止/限制类货物(如旧机电产品)实施开放性安排，取消60类商品进口许可证，可以覆盖约80%纳入进口许可证管理的商品类目。

②保税维修开放

允许38类商品在海南开展保稅维修，为全国最高开放水平。政策实施前进口机器零部件到内地维修关税成本很高，以后零部件可以进口到海南就地维修，企业成本大大降低。

✅通行便利化

①简化通关

封关后，除依法需要检验检疫或者实行许可证件管理的货物外，海关将在海南自贸港全域范围内对进口“零关税”货物、保税货物等按规定实施径予放行。符合条件的货物径予放行;

开放8个“一线”国际口岸(如洋浦港)，直接放行合规货物；设10个“二线口岸”(如海口新海港)，便捷通关。

②高效监管

设置海关监管通道和非海关监管通道，海关在海关监管通道对“零关税”货物、享受加工增值政策的货物、放宽贸易管理措施货物等三类货物实行管理，其他国内流通货物经非海关监管通道通行，由海南省按现行国内流通规定管理。对零关税货物实施低干预精准监管。

③加速检疫

开展进境跨关区附条件提离种苗快速通过模式和进境植物品种隔离检疫同步开展DUS测试的新政策。缩短了植物新品种入境申请进程，推动植物新品种审查授权提速。

④简化申报

简化出岛申报手续，大幅压缩出岛申报项目，需企业申报的项目从105项压缩至42项。



✅离岛免税“套代购”走私风险

尽管封关后岛内居民可购买部分零关税商品，但离岛免税购物额度（10万元/年）仍存在套利空间。

“套代购”即组织多人代购免税品转售内地，此前已占海南走私案件的70%以上。随着海南封关，免税商品范围进一步扩大，免税额度和差价将继续催生组织化、链条化走私。

该模式仍是风险防范重点。

✅加工增值政策走私风险

“加工增值超30%免关税销往内地”政策成为核心红利，但也催生企业通过虚报加工比例骗取免税资质的“伪报风险”。例如🔽

进口冻牛肉关税一般关税在12%左右，若企业在海南加工成牛肉干进口，加工增值达30%，企业可规避全部关税成本。

该环节可能涉及到虚报加工比例来骗取免税内销资质的走私模式。这种新型走私模式隐蔽性强，套利空间大。

具体表现为：低报进口料件成本、高报成品售价或虚增国产料件占比等。

✅非设关地船舶走私风险

海南儋州等地海岸线长（儋州达307公里）、船舶靠泊点分散，曾为走私高发区。

“三无船舶”（无船名、无证书、无船籍港）常被用于绕关走私。例如🔽

海南“0509”走私案中，团伙利用渔船从东南亚运输砗磲、苏眉鱼等保护动物至海南，全链条走私模式共计涉案3000万元，查获冻品8吨，24名嫌疑人落网。

封关后海南将全面清理“三无船舶”，并依托64个反走私综合执法站构建海岸闭环防线。随着封关后打击力度加大，非设关地船舶走私难度持续升级。

✅跨境走私资金流风险

封关后将建立多功能自由贸易账户体系（FT账户），FT账户是金融开放核心基础设施，支持本外币自由兑换，实现“电子围网”监管（一种资金监管系统，通过分账核算管理跨境资金流动），跨境资金结算便利化。

南自贸港封关后，FT账户作为跨境资金流动的核心载体，对走私资金链的影响呈现“双向作用”：既通过强化监管遏制传统走私资金流动，同时又可能被走私团伙利用进行快速跨境资金转移，例如🔽

通过FT账户对走私所得进行洗钱、快捷支付低报差额进口货、伪造虚假资金流交易等。

✅“异宠”等外来物种走私风险

数据显示，海口海关近一年截获外来物种走私1208次，包括活体球蟒、刺茄、巴克豆、北美乔松等外来物种。一般为进境货物、集装箱、旅客夹带、国际邮包等渠道。

随着海南封关后的“一线放开”政策，境外货物入岛更加快捷便利，同时观赏植物原料、种子的加工增值免税政策也会大大提高进口量，增加“异宠”等外来物种走私风险。



海南封关后的走私风险集中于“政策套利”和“监管盲区”，企业可构建“事前预防-事中监控-事后补救”的全链条合规体系。

✅及时关注政策动态

企业应深入理解“零关税”“加工增值免关税”等优惠政策的适用条件（如企业资格、货物清单、用途限制）。例如🔽

免税进口设备仅限自用，不得擅自租赁或转让等规定。

企业应及时关注动态调整的《海南自由贸易港禁止、限制进出口货物物品清单》，避免触碰濒危物种、文物等敏感商品。

✅完善全流程监控体系

享受“加工增值超30%免关税”政策的企业应对加工增值货物，严格核算增值比例，需达30%以上并留存完整生产记录备查。

保税货物可运用区块链等技术实现货物轨迹可追溯，确保保税货物出区时准确申报流向。企业应及时在区内流转需通过海南公共信息平台（如“海南单一窗口”）同步数据，未经批准不得擅自抵押或处置。

✅建立风险应对预案

企业发现申报错误或违规潜在风险时，可通过海关“主动披露”程序补正，可依法减轻或免除处罚。

企业在面对海关稽查时，应及时配合提供证据材料，必要时寻求专业律师协助，避免因不当陈述加重责任。



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